How Hot Is 70 Degrees Celsius – One of two temperature scales used in the International System of Units (SI), the other being the Kelvin scale. Degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can mean a specific temperature on the Celsius scale, or a unit to indicate the difference or range between two temperatures. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who created a version in 1742. Until 1968, the unit was called ctum (Latin for ctum, 100, and gradus, step) in several languages. , which is branched to honor Celsius, as well as to avoid confusion with the term hundredths of a gradian in some languages. Many countries use this scale; another major scale, the Fargate, is still used in the United States, some island territories, and Liberia. The Kelvin scale is useful in science, with 0 K (−273.15 °C) representing absolute zero.
Since 1743, the Celsius scale has been based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure. Until 1743, the values were changed (i.e. the boiling point was 0 degrees and the freezing point was 100 degrees). The 1743 scale change was proposed by Jean-Pierre Christin.
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And the Celsius scale was defined by absolute zero and the triple point of water. After 2007, it was clarified that this definition was called Vina Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW).
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This definition also accurately linked the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, the symbol K, the base SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. Absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature, is defined as exactly 0 K and -273.15 ° C. As of May 19, 2019, the triple point temperature of water has been determined to be exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C).
On May 20, 2019, the kelvin was redefined so that its value is no longer defined by the VSMOW triple point, but by the definition of the Boltzmann constant. This means that the triple point is no longer a determined value, but a measured value. The newly determined exact value of Boltzmann’s constant was chosen so that the measured value of the VSMOW triple point is exactly the same as the previously determined value within the accuracy of modern metrology. The temperature in degrees Celsius is now determined by subtracting the temperature in Kelvin from 273.15.
This means that one degree Celsius is the same temperature difference as one kelvin,
A photo of Anders Celsius’ original thermometer. Note the inverted scale, where 100 is the freezing point of water and 0 is its boiling point.
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In 1742, the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744) created a temperature scale that was the inverse of the scale now known as “Celsius”: 0 represents the boiling point of water and 100 represents the freezing point of water.
In his paper “Constant Two-degree Observations in a Thermometer” he described his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is not affected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable accuracy how the boiling point of water varies with atmospheric pressure. He proposed calibrating the zero point of his temperature scale to mean barometric pressure at mean sea level, being the boiling point. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. In 1954, the BIPM’s Tenth General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defined the standard atmosphere as exactly 1,013,250 dynes per square centimeter (101.325 kPa).
In 1743, Jean-Pierre Christian, a physicist from Lyon and permanent secretary of the Académie de Lyon, changed the Celsius scale so that 0 represents the freezing point of water and 100 represents the boiling point of water. Some believe that Christine reversed the original Celsius scale, while others believe that Christine simply turned the Celsius scale upside down.
On May 19, 1743, he published a design for a mercury thermometer, the “Lyon thermometer” built by master Pierre Casati, who used this scale.
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When Anders Celsius died in 1744, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) modified the Celsius scale.
The “Linnaeus thermometer”, specially designed for use in his greenhouses, was designed by Daniel Ekström, Sweden’s leading scientific instrument maker at the time, whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm Observatory. As was often the case in this era before modern communications, many physicists, scientists, and instrument makers elaborated on this scale;
Among them was Pehr Elvius, secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with whom Linnaeus had to correspond; Daniel Ekström
Reporting temperatures on this modern “advanced” Celsius scale is Linnaeus’ Hortus Upsalisis article of December 16, 1745, written to his scholar Samuel Naukler. In it, Linnaeus described the temperature inside the greenhouse at the Uppsala University Botanical Garden:
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… because the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) is in the corner of the windows, only from the sun, the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, but the gardener is usually careful not to let it rise. Above 20-25 degrees, and in winter it does not fall below 15 degrees… Ctigrade in Celsius [edit]
Since the 19th century, the term “Sigrad scale” has been used in the scientific and thermometric communities around the world, and temperatures are often reported simply as “Sigrad” or “Sigrad” when more specific is required. symbol °C.
In French, the term ctigrade also means one-hundredth of a gradian, used for angle measurement. Later, the term cesimal degree was introduced for temperatures
But since it means gradian (one-hundredth of a right angle) in French and Spanish, this was also difficult. The danger of confusion between temperature and angular measurement was removed in 1948 at the 9th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures and the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) officially adopted “degrees Celsius” for temperature.
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Although “Celsius” is a term commonly used in scientific work, “ctigrade” is still widely used in English-speaking countries, especially in informal contexts.
It wasn’t until February 1985 that the weather forecast broadcast by the BBC changed from “C” to “Celsius”.
The “degree Celsius” has been the only SI unit with a full name since 1967, when the SI base unit of temperature replaced the capitalization term kelvin. The plural form is “degrees Celsius”.
Bureau International Weights and Measures (BIPM) general rule is that a numerical value always precedes a unit and a space is always used to separate a unit from a number, e.g. “30.2°C” (not “30.2°C” or “30.2°C”).
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The only exceptions to this rule are the degree, minute, and second unit symbols for a plane angle (°, ′, and ″, respectively), for which no space is left between the numeric value and the unit symbol.
Unicode assigns the Celsius symbol U+2103 ℃ at the Celsius code point. However, this is a compatibility symbol provided for backward compatibility with earlier encodings. Allows for proper sorting of vertical East Asian scenarios such as China. The Unicode standard explicitly disallows the use of this character: “In normal usage, it is preferable to repeat degrees Celsius in the order U+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN + U+0043 C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C instead of U.” +2103 ℃ degrees Celsius. Treat these two paths as the same for searching.”
The degree Celsius follows the same rules as the kelvin regarding the use of its name and unit symbol. Thus, in addition to expressing a specific temperature on the scale (e.g. “Gallium melts at 29.7646 °C” and “The outside temperature is 23 degrees Celsius”), degrees Celsius are also suitable for expressing temperature ranges: differences between temperatures or their uncertainties (e.g. , “The outlet of the heat exchanger is 40 degrees Celsius hot” and “Our standard uncertainty is ±3 °C”).
Because of this dual use, you should not rely on the name of the unit or its symbol to confirm that the quantity is a temperature range; must be unambiguous through context or an explicit statement that the value is an interval.
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This is sometimes solved by using the symbol °C (pronounced “degrees Celsius”) for temperature and C° (pronounced “degrees Celsius”) for temperature range, although this usage is not standard.
Another way of expressing the same thing is “40 °C ± 3 K”, which is often found in the literature.
The Celsius measurement follows a system of intervals, not a system of proportions; and follows a relative scale rather than an absolute scale. For example, an object at 20 °C does not have twice the energy of an object at 10 °C; and 0 °C is not the lowest value in Celsius. Thus degrees Celsius are a useful interval measure, but do not have the same characteristics of proportion measures as weight or distance.
In science and technology, the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale are often used together in close contexts, e.g. “The measured value was 0.01023 °C with an uncertainty of 70 μK.” Apparently, this practice is allowed
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