How Do Soils Form – This article is about organic matter in soil. For food, see Hummus. For the band, see Humus (band).
Humus has a black or dark brown color and is a collection of organic carbon. In addition to the three main horizons of (A) topsoil, (B) subsoil, and (C) subsoil, some soils have an (O) horizon at the edge. up to. Hard rock (R) in hard soil is not sse.
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The soil, humus is the dark dirt in the soil that is formed by the decay of plants and animals. It is a type of soil organic matter. It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Hummus is the Latin word for “earth” or “earth”.
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In agriculture, “humus” is sometimes used to describe mature or natural compost obtained from forests or other special materials for use of a soil conditioner.
Humus has many nutrients that improve the health of the soil, nitrogen being the most important. The carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of humus usually varies between eight and five, with the average being about twelve.
It also greatly affects the thickness of the soil. Humus is amorphous and does not contain “cellular organisms of plants, micro-organisms or animals”.
The main things that are needed for reducing the process of agricultural products. The material belongs to the biosphere. The composition of the humus varies depending on the combination of primary and secondary microbial and animal organisms. The rate of decomposition of different organisms will affect the composition of humus.
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Hummus is difficult to explain precisely because it is a very complex substance that is not fully understood. Humus is different from compost. The latter looks rough and has traces of the original plant or animal. In contrast, whole hummus is dark, spongy, jelly-like, and amorphous; it can decay gradually over many years or continue for thousands of years.
It has no definite shape, structure or quality. However, when examined under a microscope, humus can reveal the remains of plants, animals or small microbes that have been engineered, but not chemicals. team, damage.
This suggests an ambiguous relationship between humus and soil organic matter. Although different, humus is an important part of the soil of living things.
Few data are available on the composition of wild humus because it is a complex mixture that is challenging for researchers to study. Researchers in the 1940s and 1960s tried to use chemical separation to study plants and humic compounds in the forest, but it was not possible. Other research done over the years is more accurate, although it remains a strong area of research.
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Microorganisms break down large amounts of soil organic matter into inorganic minerals that can be absorbed by plant roots as food. This process is called “mineralization”. In this process, the nitrogen (nitrogen cycle) and other nutrients (nutrient cycle) contained in the decaying plant material are recycled. Depending on the conditions in which decomposition occurs, a part of the organic matter is not oxidized and is changed in a process called “humification”. Before modern research, the first evidence led scientists to believe that reduction led to the synthesis of synthetic polymers that resisted the action of micro-organisms,
Milk can occur naturally in the soil or be used during production. Organic matter is degraded by a combination of saprotrophic fungi, bacteria, microbes and animals such as worms, nematodes, protozoa and arthropods.
Plant residues, including those digested and digested by animals, contain organic substances: sugars, starches, proteins, carbohydrates, lignins, waxes, resins and organic acids. Decomposition in the soil begins with the breakdown of sugars and starches from carbohydrates, which are easily broken down when the organs of dead plants begin to decompose, but the cellulose and lignin that remain decompose slowly.
Simple proteins, fatty acids, starches, and sugars break down quickly, while light proteins, fats, waxes, and resins remain unchanged for a longer period of time. Lignin, which is quickly converted by white rot fungi,
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Activity. Therefore, humus is obtained from the decomposition of a complex mixture of organic and chemical substances of plant, animal or microbial origin that have many functions and are compatible with the soil. . Some consider vermicompost to be the best compost.
Much of the humus in most soils has remained intact for over 100 years, instead of breaking down into CO.
, and can be considered stable; This organic material is protected from decomposition by microbial or symbiotic action because it is hidden (contained) in small aggregates of soil material, or the compacted or complex clay.
Most humus that is not protected in this way decomposes within 10 years and can be considered unstable or rather labile. Solid humus contributes few nutrients to plants in the soil, but helps maintain its structure.
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A stable form of humus is produced by the slow oxidation (redox) of soil carbon after the incorporation of fine powdered charcoal into the soil. This process is considered important in the creation of the Amazonian terra preta do Indio which is not normally fertile.
Suggests that the complex organic molecules of soil may be less stable than previously thought: “the available evidence does not support the formation of ‘soils’ soil remains the same molecular size. Instead, soil organic matter is a continuum of slowly decomposing matter.”
Humus has a black or dark brown color and is organic due to the accumulation of organic carbon. Geoscientists use capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify major horizons, and lowercase letters to identify horizons. Most soils have three main components: the horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the bottom (C). Some soils have a horizon (O) on top, but this horizon can also be buried. The large scale (E) is used for soils that are depleted of valuable minerals (see). Bedrock, not soil, uses the letter R.
Some think that the importance of chemically stable humus is the product that is given to the soil in a physical and chemical way,
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Although some agricultural experts focus more on other characteristics, such as its ability to prevent diseases.
The incorporation of oxygen into large organic molecular compounds provides many negative active sites that bind to positive ions (cations) from nutrients. a plant, making more available to the plant through ion exchange.
Humus allows soil organisms to feed and reproduce, and is often described as the “lifeblood” of the soil. What is soil?. If you’ve ever had a chance to dig in a garden, you’ve seen for yourself that flower growing materials look and feel different than beach sand or potter’s clay. We call the stuff in a garden “dirt” or, more specifically, soil. Soil consists of rock or soil that has been changed by physical and chemical interactions with organic matter, rainwater and organisms over time. The soil is one of the most important resources of our planet, because without it there is no farm, forest, livestock or garden.
How is the soil made?. There are three processes that occur above or below the earth’s surface that contribute to soil formation. First, chemical and physical weathering produces dissolved waste, new minerals (such as clay), and ions in solution. Second, rainwater seeps into the debris and carries down dissolved ions and clay particles. The region where this downward transport occurs is called the leaching zone, because leaching means removal, absorption and removal. At the bottom, new mineral crystals are absorbed directly from the water or formed by the reaction of water and waste. In addition, the water leaves its load of clay behind. The region where new minerals and clays are collected is the accretion zone. Third, microbes, fungi, plants and animals interact with soil by producing nutrients, by absorbing nutrients, and by releasing waste and toxic residues in the background. Plant roots and burrowing animals (insects, earthworms, and gophers) digest and break up the soil, and microorganisms and minerals dissolve it and release chemicals. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths, soils usually develop distinct zones, called soil horizons, arranged in a vertical sequence called the profile of the soil. Let’s look at a good soil profile, from top to bottom, using the soil that was created in a forest as our example. The uppermost horizon is the O-horizon (the prefix stands for organic), so named because it consists almost entirely of humus (plant matter) and is no minerals. Below the O-horizon, we find the A-horizon, where the humus is further decomposed and mixed with mineral grains (clay, silt, and sand). Water permeating the A horizon causes chemical reactions and creates ions in solution and new clay minerals. Finally, the downward flow transports dissolved chemicals and clay to the subsoil. The O- and A-horizons form the dark gray to black-brown topsoil, the fertile part of the soil cultivated by farmers for growing vegetables. (In some places, the A-horizon measures down to the E-horizon, ground level
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