How Did British Propaganda Influence American Opinion – “Goodbye, Dad, I’m Fighting for Old Glory, You’re Buying US Treasury Bonds,” World War I poster.
World War I was the first war in which mass media and propaganda played an important role in keeping people at home informed of what was happening on the battlefield.
How Did British Propaganda Influence American Opinion
It was also the first war in which governments systematically produced propaganda as a way to target the public and change their opinion.
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Propaganda could be used to arouse the hatred of the enemy, warn of the consequences of defeat and idealize one’s own war aims to mobilize a nation, maintain its morale and fight d. He was able to explain the backlash by blaming scapegoats such as war profiteers, hoarders, defeatists, destroyers, pacifists, left-wing socialists, spies, shirkers, strikers, and sometimes emy alis, so that the public would not question the war itself or social and existing political system.[2]
Propaganda from all sides has given a very clean, partisan view of the struggle. Csorship rules place strict restrictions on journalism and frontline reporting, a process that continues to affect the historical record – for example, perhaps due to imaging conditions, there is no known visual evidence of the use of American warships during the war.
Propaganda uses a variety of motifs and ideological bases, such as grassroots propaganda, propaganda devoted to nationalism and patriotism, and propaganda focused on rum.
The media were expected to take sides, not remain neutral, during the First World War. When Wilhelm II declared a state of war in Germany on July 31, the commanders of the army corps (German: Stellvertretde Geralkommandos) took control of the administration, including implementing a press control policy carried out under Walter Nicholas.
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Csorship regulations were introduced in Berlin, and the war press office was fully controlled by the high command of the army. Journalists were only allowed to report on the front if they were experienced officers who “recognized patriotic views”. Briefings to the press created a high degree of uniformity in war reporting. Contact between journalists and combat troops was prohibited, and journalists spoke only to high-ranking officers and commanders.
Both sides initially banned all photography or filming. The main visual representation relied on war paintings, but the Germans used some heavily filmed news. The French preferred painting over photography, but some parties used photographs to document the damage caused to cities by artillery. However, the battle scenes were re-enacted out of necessity.
When World War I began, the United States became a leader in the art of motion pictures and the new profession of commercial advertising.
These newly discovered technologies played an instructive role in shaping the American mind and changing public opinion in support of the war. Each country carefully used their news editions to combine reporting and propaganda.
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The Russian press working in the Caucasus reports a “truly intolerable situation” in Anatolia since the beginning of formal hostilities with the Ottoman Empire.
Propaganda was one of the tools that Armians in the Caucasus used to promote the Armian revolutionary movement.
Hampartsum Arakelyan, editor of Mshak, a leading Armian language circular in the Caucasus region, supported efforts to recruit Ottoman Armians into the Russian army.
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1878, which set the stage for World War I, Mshak was particularly active in publishing pro-Russian propaganda.
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According to Tasnapetean, the interims did not prepare the army to face the Arminian genocide that was unleashed on them in 1915:
… it is evident that after the first years of expression after the Ottoman constitution, and despite the gradual deterioration of conditions after 1911, as well as the spread of Pan-Turanian thoughts and efforts of the “Turkji” movement, the armed forces of Turkey including the executive body and ranks of the Dashnaktsutiun-they were not psychologically or practically ready to go in 1915 for general self-defense, let alone a general insurrection. They were chosen, at the beginning of 1912, to appeal again to international diplomacy instead of relying on their own armed struggle. British[edit | edit source]
The most influential person behind propaganda in the United States was President Woodrow Wilson. In his famous statement of January 1918, he described the “Four Points” that he said the United States would fight to defend.
In addition to the restoration of freedom in Europe and countries oppressed by the power of Germany, Wilson’s Four Points called for transparency regarding diplomatic disputes, free navigation of the seas in peace and war, and equal terms of trade between all nations. .
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Wilson’s points inspired audiences around the world and strengthened the belief that Britain, France and America were fighting for noble causes.
The 1915 film The German Side of the War was one of the only American films to show the German perspective of the war.
At the theater, the lines stretched around the block; screings were received with such approval that people who go to cinemas, used to buy tickets from scalpers.
Propaganda made the Americans try to enter the war as possible, but many propagandists later admitted that they were producing cruelty propaganda. By the 1930s, Americans were resistant to atrocity stories. A 1940 study of American public opinion found that the collective memory of World War I was the primary reason that Allied propaganda during World War II only strengthened anti-war sentiment in the United States.
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In 1917, Wilson created the Committee on Public Information, which reported directly to him and was essentially a major propaganda manager.
The Public Information Committee was responsible for the production of films; commission posters; published many books and pamphlets; buy advertising in major newspapers; and recruited businessmen, preachers and teachers to serve as public spokesmen responsible for changing public opinion at the municipal level.
The committee, led by former investigative journalist George Creel, emphasized the message that America’s participation in the war was desperately needed to achieve the salvation of Europe from German and enemy forces.
In his book titled How we Advertised America, Creel states that the committee was called into existence to make World War I a battle that would be a “judgment for mankind.”
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He called the committee a voice to plead the just cause of America before the jury of public opinion.
Creel also refers to the committee as a “big terprise of sellers” and “the biggest advture in the world of advertising.”
The message of the committee resonated with every American community and was responsible as an organization for carrying the complete message of American ideals to every corner of the civilized globe.
Creel and his committee used every means possible to get their message across, including the printed word, the spoken word, the picture, the telegraph, posters and the sign.
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All forms of communication were used to justify the cause that forced America to take up arms.
Creel began systematically reaching out to every person in the United States multiple times with patriotic information about how the person could contribute to the war effort.
The CPI also worked with the Post to counter seditious propaganda. Creel established divisions in his new agency to produce and distribute a wide range of brochures, newspaper releases, magazine ads, films, school campaigns and Four Minute M speeches. catch the attention of passers-by for a few seconds.
The theaters were well attended, and the CPI trained thousands of volunteer speakers to give patriotic appeals during the four-minute breaks required to change roles. They also spoke in churches, lodges, fraternal organizations, unions and labor camps. Creel boasted that in 18 months, his 75,000 volunteers delivered more than 7.5 million four-minute sermons to more than 300 million listeners in a nation of 103 million people. Speakers attended training sessions through local universities and gave pamphlets and advice on a wide range of topics, including buying Liberty Bonds, registering for the draft, rationing food, recruiting unskilled workers for munitions work, and supporting the Cross Program.
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After the start of World War I, both sides of the conflict used propaganda to shape international opinion. Thus, propaganda has become a weapon to influence countries.
When the armies began to clean up, the opposing governments went into a media battle to try to avoid the blame for causing the war and to spread the blame to other countries by publishing carefully selected documents that basically and diplomatic exchanges were made. The Germans were the first to do so, and other major participants followed within days.
Came out on August 4, 1914. The first of these books that came out had 36 documents. Everything that could correspond to the Russian position was redacted in the German White Paper.
Within a week, most of the other warring countries published their own books, each with a different color name. France held out until December 1, 1914, when it finally released its Yellow Book.
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Grim propaganda exploiting sensational stories of the rape, mutilation and murder of prisoners by the Germans filled the Allied press.
German and Austro-Hungarian soldiers were depicted as inhuman savages, and their barbarism was emphasized as a way.
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